Greek philosopher and scientist Thales is known as the first of the seven sages of Greece. He was a philosopher.

1) He invented theoretical geometry and abstract astronomy.
2) He was a pioneer to demonstrate that a circle is bisected by its diameter, that the angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal, that two intersecting straight lines produce opposite and equal angles and that the angle of a semi circle is angle.
3) He was the first to determine the sun’s course
4) He estimated the size of the Sun and the moon
5) The invented static electricity.
Thales founded Ionian School of philosophy

‘Sushruta Samhita’ written by Sushruta has been translated into Arabic in 8th century A.D. as Kitah Shaw Shoon –a-Hindi and Kitab –i- Susrud.

Sushruta was born in 6th century B.C. It is believed that he is a descendent of the Vedic sage Vishwamitra. He learnt surgery and medicine at the feet of Divodasa Dhanvantri at Varabasu.

Sushruta was an authority in surgery during his times. He advocated what we call ‘Cacsarean’ operation. He was removing urinary stones and operating cataract. He has written his treatise where in he has listed 101 types of instruments.

He knew plastic surgery. He is regarded as father of plastic surgery. His Samdamsa Yantras were the first forms of the modern surgeon’s spring forceps and dissection and dressing forceps.

Sushruta taught many. He told them to be good in both theory and practice.

Sushruta was a great physician.

Hawking is a theoretical physicist and mathematician. His single mindedness towards work and dispassionate approach towards one’s work were appreciated by many.

Hawking was born on 8 January 1942. At 21 he was struck by an incurable disease of motor neurons that affects the nerves of the Spinal cord and parts of the brains that facilitate voluntary motor functions. Doctors told him that he would live only two or three years. But Dr. Stephen Hawking, Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge has already crossed his 50 years. He had widened the horizons of astrophysics with a discovery in black hole thermodynamics.

Freud was an Austrian physician; He established a theory that unconscious motives control much of behaviour. He theory advanced the study of psychology. He coined the term psychoanalysis for both his theory and his method of treatment.

Tiruvenkata Rajendra Sheshadri is one of the founders of organic chemistry in India. He was born on 3 February 1900 into a poor family at Kulitralai in Tamil Nadu. Ramakrishna Mission helped him for his college education. He studied at Presidency College and in 1927 he went to Manchester University for higher studies. After he returned he did research on hundreds of plants which led him to discover many new chemical compounds. He was an expert in the chemistry of lichem. He studied how the new compounds damage Sandal trees sand archaeological monuments. He evolved methods to prevent such damages. He founded Vedanta Samiti of Delhi University to enable it to conduct cultural activities. He died in 1975.

Indian chemist Bhatnagar was born on February 21, 1894 at Shahpur, now in Pakistan. When he was only eight months old his father died. He was brought up by his grandfather who was an engineer. Bhatnagar studied and obtained Dsc from London university in 1921.

Bhatnagar is well known for his contributions to the chemistry of magnetism and emulsions. He developed accurate and simple methods of determining small changes occurring in the magnetic properties of materials. The method has been used to solve many complex problems connected with colloids, alloys, atomicity of mercury, iodine and selenium under different conditions. Bhatnagar used magnetism as a tool to know more about some magnetism as a tool to know more about some chemicals and chemical reactions. Bhatnagar – Mathure interference balance was designed by him in collaboration with R.N. Mathur. The balance was manufactured by a British firm.

The council of scientific and industrial research or CSIR is the result of Bhatnagar’s efforts. He was the first director. He was responsible for installing oil refineries, plants to produce new metals like titanium and zirconium and planning surveys for atomic minerals and petroleum deposits.

Bhatnagar was elected FRS in 1943. He died on January 1, 1955. During his life time he established 12 national laboratories. In his honour CSIR is giving annual awards to outstanding scientists.

Bose was an Indian physicist who put forward a theory explaining the behavior of subatomic particles.

Bose was born on Jan1 1894. Even as a school boy his skill at solving questions impressed teachers. In fact they were afraid of him !

Bose worked in Dacca University after graduation. M.N. Saha was his friend. Both did research together for sometime. Bose was presented a copy of the book Max Planck’s famous Thermodynamic and Warmestrahlung ( Heart ) which contained all the original papers of Max Planck. Bose read it. He found that Planck had assumed some hypothesis and calculated an equation approximately. Bose began to work out a better way. He made a new approach. He wrote his research paper ‘Planck’s Law and Light Quantum Hypotheses to an Indian journal and sent it abroad. It was rejected as an Indian wrote it. But Bose sent it to Albert Einstein. It impressed the great scientist and he published it in German. The methodologies adopted by Bose to explain the behavior of radiation was called Bose Statistics were called ‘Bosons’. Internationally he was recognized. He showed that photons the packets of energy, could behave quite differently from what was then believed. This les to a synthesis of the Quantum theory of Niels Bohr and the field theory of Albert Einstein. Later Einstein further developed Bose’s ideas into a set of calculations which later came to be known as Bose – Einstein’s statistics.

Bose was elected FRS in 1958.

Bose did experiment in branches like X-ray crystallo – graphy and thermo lumini science. He produced a new chemical compound which is even today used as an eye drop.

Bose had realized the important of popularizing science to the masses. So he urged scientists to write in their mother tongue; for which he found a popular science magazine in Bengali. Bose died on February 4, 1974.

Samuel Finely Breese Morse was an American scientist. He invented the electric telegraph. He was professor of painting and sculpture New York university and he also became the first president of the National Academy of arts and design in 1845. he painted miniatures on ivory. He was graduated. From Yale in 1810. Soon after he painted portraits. His art works are preserved at Syracuse university and Yale university art gallery. Morse was the first to give a series of lectures on art in U.S.

After 1837 Morse showed interest in the telegraph. He left painting except fro one painting he did. With the help of Leonard Gale he constructed a model telegraph machine and demonstrated it on 2 September 1837. He had used and electromagnet at the receiver. He evolved a code of signals now known as the Morse code. The code comprise various combinations of dots and dashes which correspond to letters of English alphabet and numerals. Telegraph message was sent on May 24, 1844. Telegraph message was sent on May 24, 1844. Telegraph poles were laid between Baltimore and Washington. Iron wires were laid between poles.

Benjamin Thompson count Rumford was born in 1753 at Woburn in Massachusetts, a British colony. He was the son of a Peasant. He studied in a local school. He was sharp in mathematics. But he had to work as a clerk at the age of 13. he wished to become a doctor. He became a teacher in Concord school at New Hampshire concord was being called Rumford. So his same became Count Rumford. A lady Rolfe who as a widow married him. She was 33, whereas Rumford was 19. Rumford was deployed as major in a local army. But freedom fighters suspected him and he was arrested. Rumford left and went to England.

In England Thompson started doing scientific experiments. He improved the gun powder and other weaponry. He was elected FRS and was knighted in 1784. The king of Bavaria chose him as his consultant.

Rumford was the first to demonstrate that heat is produced from mechanical work. Bases on his observations on the boring of a Cannon, he suggested that mechanical work is directly converted to heat and made measurements to prove it. His work proved wrong, the then popular caloric theory that heat was a fluid. The heat transferred by liquid and gases is called convection.

Rumford earned huge money and became rich. He married the widow of Lavorisier. But it was not successful. He divorced her. He lived alone and dedicated his wealth to Harvard university. Rumford died in 1814.

Roger Bacon is called the father of modern science. His early studies were in the faculty of arts at Oxford and in early 1240 he went to Paris to teach at the Arts faculty of university of Paris. There he turned his attention to science through the influence of Aristotle.

Roger Bacon’s significant contribution to the philosophy of science was his explanation about the role of experience and experiment in conforming or refuting speculative hypotheses. He believed in the practical value of scientific speculation and insisted that the criterion for the use of scientific knowledge should be part of a unifying ethical system. Bacon discovered gun powder, eye glasses and few other types of equipment.